Executive summary

This report aims to provide a nuanced understanding of tribal dynamics in Deir-ez-Zor, offering insights for humanitarian and development actors to navigate the complex landscape and contribute to stability in the region.

In July 2023, tensions between the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and the Deir-ez-Zor Military Council (DMC) escalated, leading to confrontations with local residents and tribal notables, resulting in the formation of the Arab Tribal Forces led by Ibrahim al-Hifel. ​ Renewed clashes occurred in August 2024, with the Arab Tribal Forces attacking the SDF from government-held areas, influenced by relations with Damascus and Iran-backed militias. In this report, CA—SYR argues that localized dynamics, particularly competition between tribes created by years of policies encouraging rivalries between tribal leaders, and the fragmentation of tribal identities are the core drivers behind these conflicts.

Initial confrontations in 2023 gained widespread popular support, with tribes and non-tribal residents mobilizing against the SDF. ​ In 2024, however, Hifel's attempt at renewed attacks against the SDF was less successful, with limited geographic and temporal scope, and a failure to mobilize armed groups or popular support outside his direct tribe. Very evident in 2024 was Hifel's inability to unify tribes which highlighted the localized nature of tribal identities and the influence of external actors.

For humanitarian and development actors working within this context, there are a few important considerations for programming. They would need to:

• Maintain a comprehensive understanding of societal grievances.

• Engage cautiously with tribal structures in peace and conflict programs.

• Monitor key tribal actors and their linkages.

• Analyze the impact of localized conflict dynamics on market functionality and livelihoods.